NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia

Abstract NaCl has beneficial effects in preventing fish disease. However, the of regulating growth and survival at different food supply levels under hypoxic conditions are unknown. Herein, on body weight, rate (SR), H 2 O content, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, antioxidant (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPX]) enzyme activities, (GSH) content were investigated goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) livers three (50, 200, 400 mg day −1 conditions. The highest lowest SRs detected 200 groups, respectively. Interestingly, 50 mM markedly elevated survival, but not weight goldfish. Enhanced content; SOD, CAT, GPX activities; GSH reduced peroxidation carbonylation after treatment compared with those control. these dramatically attenuated by µM hydroxychloroquine, an inhibitor autophagy. This showed that nutrition stress which could be improved via regulation system autophagy